The Terminator By James Cameron - 1509 Words

The Terminator was written by James Cameron and came out in 1984.1 It tells of a post-apocalyptic world dominated by a war between humans and artificially intelligent robots, called terminators. The movie was produced at the beginning of the Digital Age, and computer development and use was beginning to increase. Computer companies like Apple and Microsoft had recently been founded and some of the first personal computers were being created. â€Å"Many wondered if society was becoming too dependent of technology†. In addition to computers, all forms of technology were rapidly improving during this time period. The Terminator predicts that the relationship between man and computer turns bad when the computer is given too much power. Ultimately, mankind creates its own downfall. Furthermore, the terminator is seen as superior to the human characters in the movie. The Terminator has no feelings of pain, anger, remorse, or any other kind of emotions. It seems to be a flawless ki ller, unmatched by its weak creators. The Terminator embodies people’s fears of the advancement of technology and its impact on society. The Terminator takes place over the course of a week in the 1980s in an unknown town. The movie is about a robot (a â€Å"terminator†) that goes back in time to kill a woman named Sarah Connor and a man named Kyle Reese who tries to save her. The terminator begins to systematically kill women named Sarah Connor in the city the movie takes place in. The terminator finds the rightShow MoreRelatedThe Terminator 2 : Judgment Day Directed By James Cameron And District 91127 Words   |  5 PagesTerminator 2: Judgment Day directed by James Cameron and District 9 directed by Neill Blomkamp, at first glance don’t share much similarities between each other. One is about a terminator, a T-800 to be exact, and a boy named John Connor. District 9 is about aliens and humans having problems with each other and the point is that if you put closer detail to both of these movies; there is similarity in two themes, war and technology. The message for both movies in the end is similar if we can connectRead MoreEssay on How Terminator Two Satisfies the Science Fiction Genre1157 Words   |  5 PagesHow Terminator Two Satisfies the Science Fiction Genre The film, ‘TerminatorÂ’ is part of a trilogy; Terminator 2 is the sequel to the first terminator film- Terminator 1. The auteur, James Cameron, produced the first terminator movie in 1984; and because the film was a big success with a range of viewers- the majority of different genre lovers- , James Cameron had decided to create a sequel, which was producedRead MoreThe Film Techniques Used By Cameron1310 Words   |  6 PagesBeing a science fiction fan during his childhood, he worked his way in producing several highly acclaimed science fiction movies such as Avatar, Aliens, and the Terminator. Born on August 16, 1954, in Ontario Canada and later moved to California to finish his college at California State University. In order to pursue his dreams in cinematography, he worked as a truck driver and would work on screenplays. Then his career began from an art director in Battle beyond the Stars (1980) to directing variousRead MoreThe History of Film, and the Film Industry Today Essay783 Words   |  4 Pagesdirector, who has benefitted from this statistic, is Mr. James Cameron. Cameron was born in Ontario, Canada in 1954. Like Hitchcock, Cameron revolutionized the industry, setting a new bar for films. Beginning in 1984, when he released his hit â€Å"Terminator.† Later on, Cameron would release hit s such as â€Å"Titanic†, â€Å"Terminator 2†, and the film that changed history, â€Å"Avatar.† â€Å"Avatar† in itself was nothing short of a true masterpiece. In 1994 when Cameron wrote the script, he decided that the technology wasRead MoreI Don t Blame People For Harboring1393 Words   |  6 Pagesthat mindset that sets us apart. Someone else who had a dream and pushed towards it is no other than James Cameron. His path toward success did not start off easy, and like the rest of us, he grappled with feelings of uncertainty and frustration. But Cameron soldiered on and reached a pinnacle of success we all wish to reach someday, and he did this by sheer willpower and courage. Before Cameron became the king of the box-office – releasing three of the most profitable films of all time – he wasRead MoreThe Changing Nature of Family Life in Contemporary Society Essay3339 Words   |  14 Pagesparticular classics of the newest Genre hybrid - The horror Sci-Fi mix. Whilst Aliens (Director James Cameron, US, 1986) and Terminator II (Director James Cameron, US, 1991) share many metaphors and symbols, of which I am going to discuss, T2 does so in far greater proportion, so please forgive me if my analysis tends to focus on it a little more. Aliens and Terminator II. Like many films of their type, rather than being mere fetishism or celebrations of goreRead MoreMarketing Campaign For Jay Z s Biography And A Hypothetical Creative Campaign1290 Words   |  6 PagesAgency (Red Beam) has been tasked with creating a biographic integrated marketing campaign for James Cameron leading up to the release of his new movie Avatar 2. The objective will be to implement a marketing communications plan and a brief to execute the communication mix for a successful campaign launch. The critically acclaimed Film Director, James Cameron is known for box office hits like The Terminator, Aliens, and Avatar. The campaign will leverage these movies and its stars in the hypotheticalRead MoreEssay about The Future of Cyborgs744 Words   |  3 PagesThe Future of Cyborgs Terminator and Bladerunner, portrayed cyborgs or cybernetic organisms as creatures of destruction. Are they really as horrible as the movies make them out to be? They can be more useful than perceived; it is necessary to first perfect the technology involved in creating and operating them. In this paper, I will describe how these cyborgs work and how they are portrayed in the movies. Furthermore, I will explain the helpful ways that they are expected to perform in the futureRead MoreArtificial Intelligence In Frankenstein And Mary Shelleys Frankenstein1663 Words   |  7 Pages1984 film produced by James Cameron, The Terminator, portray robots as becoming knowledgeable and taking over the world. Humanity creates an artificially intelligent program known as Skynet, which becomes completely cognizant and overthrows the world by initiating a nuclear holocaust. In the aftermath, a group of survivors creates a resistance that attempts to destroy the program, however they are met with the challenge of defeating Skynet’s cyborg army. Skynet sends a terminator, played by Arnold SchwarzeneggerRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects On The World1710 Words   |  7 Pageshopes that they will finally be granted the freedom from humans they have been fighting for. James Cameron, also the director of the major successes Titanic and The Terminator, achieved the impossible when he turned Avatar into one of the highest grossing films of all time (â€Å"Avatar†). Imagine having to create an entire fan following based on nothing. Since the film is completely original, that meant that Cameron did not have a previously made film to build off of. There is not even a series for him to

Essay about Creative Solution to the Energy Crisis

Creative Solution to the Energy Crisis Picture yourself driving along the winding country roads in central Vermont, it is early fall, your windows are open and Joni Mitchell is gracing the airwaves with her soulful melodies. You are at one with the world, you take a deep breath, inhaling the crisp autumn air and then it hits you- the smell. At first it’s just a whiff, a hint of something sour. In no time you’re rolling up your window as full on nausea engulfs you. Twenty four hours a day, seven days a week, fifty two weeks a year there is one certainty: cow shit. The more tasteful term is manure, but for all of those in the world who live in areas with more bovine citizens than human ones, the smell merits no such enlightened†¦show more content†¦The waste is held at 100 degrees Fahrenheit to allow the bacteria to digest the manure and release a combination of natural gasses, the main one being methane (ibid). As the pressure builds inside the digester the gas is fed into a modified natural gas moto r. The motor turns an electrical generator which produces both electricity and heat (ibid). Much of the electricity produced is used immediately by the farm and any excess is fed back to the grid. The heat generated by the motor is also put to use maintaining the elevated temperature in the digester (ibid).. The byproducts of this operation are separated and the solids allowed to dry. The solid wastes are, surprisingly, odorless and can be used as bedding for the herd or sold to other farms for the same purpose. The liquid byproducts can be spread on fields as fertilizer and reduce the need for imported petroleum-based fertilizers (ibid). Cow Power, is the name CVPS has given to the digestion of methane, generated by anaerobic digestion of cow manure to produce electricity. Ironically, this type of energy production utilizes the waste produced by one the more wasteful industries in the country. On average 800-1200 kWh of energy is spent on each cow in a dairy herd every year (Energy Use n.d.). The average dairy farm in Vermont claims 115 cows, which has increased dramatically from the mean 70 cows just fifteen years ago(Agriview 2002).Show MoreRelatedOil And Gas/Energy Companies Continue To Deal With Evolving955 Words   |  4 PagesOil and gas/Energy companies continue to deal with evolving regulatory challenges, which has required continuous monitoring of risk, assessments, allocation of resources and control adaptation. As a result, we are seeking new and creative ways to improve our effectiveness and efficiency of our compliance programs in order to stay in line with the oversight and enforcement activities of regulatory authorities. We need to evaluate our goals, sharpen the approach to compliance, and gain insight intoRead MoreSeeking A Solution For Indonesia s Infrastructure Gap Essay950 Words   |  4 PagesSeeking a solution for Indonesia’s infrastructure gap After the 1998 crisis, Indonesia’s economy is known to be quite resilient with a persistent positive economic growth. However, Indonesia is still suffering from an infrastructure gap. Underinvestment in infrastructure, mainly in transportation has left the country with huge burden of logistic cost for the people. Under the current Joko â€Å"Jokowi† Widodo administration, Indonesia is now focusing on gaining back fiscal space to provide more fundingRead MoreAs Any Usual Day, I Went To Bed Early That Night So I Can1370 Words   |  6 Pagesactivities? Well, this issue is still a controversial discussion among the philosophers, psychologists, neurological and physiological scientists. This intuitive knowledge which emanates suddenly and directs as one’s behavior represents a hidden power, a creative perception, and a kind of new knowledge which is unsimilar to other senses and in the same time unfamiliar to our daily activities but it is useful and effective to the course of events and at certain instances it may be harmful. (Bath, 1983, p.938)Read MoreApollo 13- Leadership During a Crisis Essay1783 Words   |  8 PagesApollo 13- Leadership during a crisis Lessons learned from Gene Kranz Introduction: Every employee of NASA should known the tragic event of Apollo 13; At that time in 1970 the three astronauts James Lovell, Fred Haise and Jack Swigert had to abort their mission to flight to the moon due to an explosion of an oxygen tank. They had to fight against, carbon dioxide, coldness, a lack of energy and the almost certain death. Despite of a distance of 205,000 miles the three men made it back to earthRead MoreThe Issue Of Illegal Music Downloading1525 Words   |  7 Pagesanswer came quickly. This is the founding story of world’s largest music market, apple’s ‘iTunes’. If the leader is a person who throw question not order Steve Jobs method of question was different. When everyone devised to solve the problem he threw ‘creative’ questions. He emphasized that if the leader wants positive answers from employees then throw positive questions. What is positive leadership? Leaders who focus on virtue and happiness and create positive climate within the organization and createRead MoreEssay about Conflict Handling Styles1354 Words   |  6 Pagesstyle is an attempt to gain power and pressure a change at the other person’s expense. A competitive style of managing conflict can be appropriate when you have to implement an unpopular decision, make a quick decision, the decision is vital in a crisis, or it is important to let others know how important an issue is to you – standing up for your right. The biggest disadvantage of using this style is that relationships can be harmed beyond repair and may encourage other parties to use covert methodsRead MoreChallenges Faced By The United States1569 Words   |  7 Pagesare the times when problems are solved with endless resources and labor to work their way to a solution. The energy has been refocused to determine the best solution to the different array of issues fac ing any organization. The national debate has begun to reveal strategies that have reiterations of the most prominent theories and suggestions related to problem solving and a devotion to avoiding crisis. 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The Return Shadow Souls Chapter 37 Free Essays

Elena had been tied, like someone in a B-movie who will soon be released, standing upright against a pillar. Digging on the field was still going on in a dilatory way as the vampires who had put her up to this fetched an ash stick they had brought, and allowed Damon to inspect it. Damon himself was moving in slow motion. We will write a custom essay sample on The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 37 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Trying to find points to kibitz about. Waiting for the rattling of coach wheels that would tell him the carriage was back. Acting brisk, but inside feeling as sluggish as half-cooled lead. I’ve never been a sadist, he thought. I’ve always tried to give pleasure – except in fights. But it should be me in that prison cell. Can’t Elena see that? It’s my turn beneath the lash now. He had changed into his â€Å"magician clothes,† taking as long as he dared without looking as if he wanted to put this off. And now there were somewhere between six and eight hundred creatures, waiting to see Elena’s blood spill, to watch Elena’s back cut and miraculously heal again. All right. I’m as ready as I’ll ever be to do this. He came into his body, into the now of what was happening. Elena swallowed. â€Å"Share the pain† she’d said – without in the least knowing how to do it. But here she was, like a sacrifice tied to a pillar, staring at Bloddeuwedd’s house and waiting for the blows to come. Damon was giving the crowd an introductory speech, talking gibberish and doing it very well. Elena found a particular window of the house to stare at. And then she realized that Damon was no longer speaking. A touch of the rod against her back. A telepathic whisper. Are you ready? Yes, she said immediately, knowing that she wasn’t. And then hearing, against dead silence, a swish through the air. Bonnie’s mind floating into hers. Meredith’s mind flowing like a stream. The blow was a mere cuff, although Elena felt blood spill. She could feel Damon’s bewilderment. What should have been a sword slash was a mere slap. Painful, but definitely bearable. And once again. The triumvirate portioned out the pain before Damon’s mind could receive it. Keep the triangle moving. And a third. Two more to go. Elena allowed her gaze to wander over the house. Up to the third floor where Bloddeuwedd had to be enraged at what had become of her party. One more to go. The voice of a guest coming back to her. â€Å"That library. She has more orbs than most public libraries, and† – with his voice dropping for a moment – â€Å"they say she has all sorts of spheres up there. Forbidden ones. You know.† Elena hadn’t known and still could still hardly imagine what might be forbidden here. In her library, Bloddeuwedd, a single, lonely figure, moved in the brilliantly lighted great sphere to find a new orb. Inside the house music would be playing, different music in each different room. Outside, Elena could hear nothing. The last blow. The triumvirate managed to handle it, allotting agonizing pain amongst four people. At least, Elena thought, my dress was already as red as it could be. And then it was over, and Bonnie and Meredith were quarrelling with some of the vampire ladies who wanted to help bathe the blood from Elena’s back, showing it once again unblemished and perfect, glowing golden in the sunlight. Better keep them away, Elena thought rather drowsily to Damon; some of them may be compulsive nail-biters or finger-lickers. We can’t afford for anyone to taste my blood and feel the life-force in it; not when I’ve gone through so much to conceal my aura. Although there was clapping and cheering everywhere, no one had thought to untie Elena’s wrists. So she stood leaning against the pillar, gazing at the library. And then the world froze. All around her was music and motion. She was the still point in a turning universe. But she had to get moving, and fast. She yanked hard at her bonds, lacerating herself. â€Å"Meredith! Untie me! Cut these ropes, quick!† Meredith obeyed hastily. When Elena turned, she knew what she would see. The face – Damon’s face, bewildered, half-resentful, half-humble. It was good enough for her, right then. Damon, we need to get to the – But then they were engulfed by a riot. Well-wishers, fans, skeptics, vampires begging for â€Å"a tiny taste,† gogglers who wanted to make sure that Elena’s back was real and warm and unmarked. Elena felt too many hands on her body. â€Å"Get away from her, damn you!† It was the primal savage roar of a beast defending its mate. People backed away from Elena, only to close in†¦very slowly and timidly†¦on Damon. All right, Elena thought. I’ll do it alone. I can do it alone. For Stefan, I can. She shouldered her way through the crowd, accepting bunches of hastily dug-up flowers from admirers – and feeling more hands on her body. â€Å"Hey, she really isn’t marked!† At last, Meredith and Bonnie helped her to get out – without them she would never have made it. And then she was running, running into the house, not bothering to use the door that was near to Saber’s barking place. She thought she knew what was there anyway. On the second floor she spent a minute being bewildered before seeing a thin red line in nothingness. Her blood! See how many things it was good for? Right now it highlighted the first of the glass steps for her, the one she had stumbled into before. And at that time, cradled in Damon’s strong arms, she hadn’t been able to imagine even crawling up these steps. Now she channeled all the Power she had into her eye nodes – and the stairs lit up. It was still terrifying. There were no handholds on either side, and she was woozy from excitement, fear, and loss of blood. But she forced herself up, and up, and up. â€Å"Elena! I love you! Elena!† She could hear the cry as if Stefan were beside her now. Up, up, up†¦ Her legs ached. Keep going. No excuses. If you can’t walk, hobble. If you can’t hobble, crawl. She was crawling as she finally reached the top, the edge of the nest of the owl Bloddeuwedd. At least it was still a pretty, if insipid-looking, maiden who greeted her. Elena realized at last what was wrong with Bloddeuwedd’s looks. She had no animal vitality. She was, at heart, a vegetable. â€Å"I am going to kill you, you know.† No, she was a vegetable with no heart. Elena glanced around her. She could see outside from here, although in between was the dome that was made of shelves and shelves upon shelves of orbs, so everything was weirdly distorted. There were no hanging creepers here, no flagrant displays of exotic, tropical blooms. But she was already in the center of the room, in Bloddeuwedd’s owl nest. Bloddeuwedd was nowhere near it; she was on the contraption that let her reach her star balls. The key could only be buried in that nest. â€Å"I don’t want to steal from you,† Elena promised, breathing hard. Even as she spoke, she plunged two arms into the nest. â€Å"Those kitsune played a trick on both of us. They stole something of mine and put the key to it in your nest. I’m just taking back what they put in.† â€Å"Ha! You – human slave! Barbarian! You dared to violate my private library! People outside are digging up my beautiful ballroom, my precious flowers. You think you’re going to get away again this time, but you’re not! This time you’re going to DIE!† It was an entirely different voice than the flat, nasal, but still maidenlike tones that had greeted Elena before. This was a powerful voice, a heavy voice†¦ †¦a voice to go with the size of the nest. Elena looked up. She couldn’t make anything of what she saw. An enormous fur coat in a very exotic pattern? Some huge stuffed animal’s back? The creature in the library turned toward her. Or rather, its head swiveled toward her, while its back remained perfectly still. It rotated its head sideways and Elena knew that what she was seeing was a face. The head was even more hideous and more indescribable than she could have imagined. It had a sort of single eyebrow which dipped from the edge of one side of its forehead down toward the nose (or where the nose should have been) and then went up again. The feature was like a gigantic V-shaped brow and below it were two huge round yellow eyes that often blinked. There was no nose or mouth like a human’s, but instead there was a large, cruel, hooked black beak. The rest of the face was covered in feathers, mostly white, turning mottled gray at the bottom, where the neck seemed to be. It was also gray and white in two hornlike projections that shot up from the top of the head – like a demon’s horns, Elena thought wildly. Then, with the head still staring at her, the body turned toward Elena. It was the body of a sturdy woman, covered in white and grizzled feathers, Elena saw. Talons peeked out from under the lowest feathers. â€Å"Hello,† the creature said in a grating voice, its beak opening and closing to bite off the words. â€Å"I’m Bloddeuwedd, and I never let anyone touch my library. I am your death.† The words Can’t we at least talk about it first? were on Elena’s lips. She didn’t want to be a hero. She certainly didn’t want to take on Bloddeuwedd while searching for the key that must be here – somewhere. Elena kept on trying to explain while frantically feeling inside the nest, when Bloddeuwedd extended wings that spanned the room and came at her. And then, like a streak of lightning, something zipped between them, giving out a raucous cry. It was Talon. Sage must have given the hawk orders when he left her. The owl seemed to shrink a little – the better to attack, thought Elena. â€Å"Please let me explain. I haven’t found it yet, but there is something in your nest that doesn’t belong to you. It’s mine – and – and Stefan’s. And the kitsune hid it the night you had to chase them off your estate. Do you remember that?† Bloddeuwedd didn’t answer for a moment. Then she showed that she had a simple, one-size-fits-all-situations philosophy. â€Å"You set foot into my private quarters. You die,† she said and this time when she swooped by Elena, Elena could hear the clack of her beak coming together. Again something small and bright dove at Bloddeuwedd, aiming for her eyes. The great owl had to take her attention off Elena in order to deal with it. Elena gave up. Sometimes you just needed help. â€Å"Talon!† she cried, unsure of how much human speech Talon understood. â€Å"Try to keep her occupied – just for a minute!† As the two birds darted and wheeled and shrieked around her, Elena tried to search with her arms, while ducking when she needed to. But that great black beak was always too close. Once it sliced into her arm, but Elena was on an adrenaline high, and she hardly felt the pain. She kept searching without a pause. Finally, she realized what she should have done from the beginning. She snatched up an orb from its transparent rack. â€Å"Talon!† she called. â€Å"Here!† The falcon dove down toward her and there was a snap. But afterward Elena still had all her fingers and the hoshi no tama was gone. Now, now, Elena truly heard a shriek of rage from Bloddeuwedd. The giant owl went after the hawk, but it was like a human trying to slap a fly – an intelligent fly. â€Å"Give that orb back! It’s priceless! Priceless!† â€Å"You’ll get it back as soon as I find what I’m looking for.† Elena, mad with terror and soaked in hormones, climbed all the way inside the nest and began searching the marble bottom with her fingers. Twice Talon saved her by dropping orbs with a crash to the ground as the huge owl Bloddeuwedd was headed toward Elena. Each time, the noise of the crash caused the owl to forget about Elena and try to attack the hawk. Then Talon snatched another orb and swept at great speed right under the owl’s nose. Elena was beginning to have a nightmare feeling that everything she had known just a half hour before was wrong. She had been leaning against the canopy pole, exhausted, staring up into the library and the maiden who inhabited it and the words had simply flowed into her mind. Bloddeuwedd’s orb room†¦ Bloddeuwedd’s globe room†¦ Bloddeuwedd’s†¦star ball room†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Bloddeuwedd’s ballroom. Two ways to take the same words. Two very different kinds of rooms. It was just as she was remembering this that her fingers touched metal. How to cite The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 37, Essay examples

The Comparison of Verbs of Saying in English and Their Lithuanian Equivalents free essay sample

Quantitative and qualitative methods have been applied as the study is aimed at the frequency count as well as the cross linguistic analysis. The data to achieve this goal have been obtained from the English book The Vanity Fair by William Makepeace Thackeray, and the Lithuanian translation „Tustybes muge†. The results revealed 73 different Lithuanian variants of the English verb to say, and 28 variant translations of the original verb to tell. These findings suggest that the Lithuanian language is very rich, and is capable of displaying a wide range of various translations for the same verb. INTRODUCTION Semantics is the branch of linguistics which deals with the study of meaning, changes in meaning, and the principles that govern the relationship between sentences or words and their meanings. There are several subfields in the linguistic semantics, which contribute to the language use considerably. One of them is called lexical semantics, which ? is the study of how and what the words of a language denote’ (Pustejovsky, 1995). To be more precise, lexical semantics is a linguistic theory which investigates word meaning and understands the meaning of a word as fully reflected by its context (Cruse, 1986). Recently, foreign linguists have drawn significant attention to the issues that are related to the analysis of a semantic language system. One of the possible ways of analysing this system is by distinguishing and giving a comprehensive description of separate lexical semantic word groups. However, this topic has not yet been well researched by Lithuanian linguists. The aim of the present paper is therefore to explore one of the lexical semantic groups briefly, especially its expression in the Lithuanian in English languages. As it is known, in language words do not exist in isolation, but they are connected through various interrelationships in this way constituting a certain system. Words can be grouped according to the general grammatical meanings (words from one part of speech), according to the commonness of the morphemic structure (words that have the same root or suffix), and eventually according to any lexical meaning-based associations. It might be interesting that a famous Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, who is considered one of the fathers of the 20th-century linguistics, stated that linguistic elements are linked to the dual nature of relationships: paradigmatic (associative) and syntagmatic. Paradigmatic relations combine words into lexical semantic groups. A detailed analysis of these groups (their volume, internal relations and interrelationships) helps to understand the lexical structure of a language better and proves that a lexical level of the language is systematic. Currently, quite many different lexical semantic groups have been analysed in linguistics. Significant attention has been paid to the analysis of lexical semantic groups of verbs because the verb is the most complicated and widest grammatical category. On the basis of various studies, it is useful to distinguish seven semantic categories: activity verbs, communication verbs, mental verbs, causative verbs, verbs of occurrence, verbs of existence or relationship, and verbs of aspect (Biber, 2002). In general, the verb is derived from the Latin verbum, whose  meaning  is word. There are several classifications of the English verb because different linguists group verbs somewhat differently. According to Biber (2002), there are two types of English verbs such as main and auxiliary. Following this division or the ability to function as verbs from the latter two groups, further three classes can be distinguished: lexical verbs (to eat, to run, to think), which function only as main verbs; primary verbs (to be, to do, to have), which function both as main and auxiliary; and finally, modal verbs (can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would), which serve only as auxiliaries. In addition, Tekoriene in her grammar book â€Å"Anglu kalbos gramatika vidurinems mokyklomsâ€Å" (1996) talks about three verbs classes. She named them as auxiliary verbs (to be, to do, to have, shall, should, will, would), notional verbs (to live, to work) and also modal verbs (can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would). To conclude, we may say that a verb is a  word  or a part of speech that in syntax conveys an action, a state of being or modality. In the usual description of English, the basic form is the  infinitive, with or without the  particle  to. In many languages, verbs are inflected (modified in form) to encode  tense, aspect,  mood  and  voice. A verb may also agree with the  person,  gender, and/or  number  of some of its arguments, such as its  subject, or  object. One of the most basic lexical semantic groups is verbs of speaking. These are verbs that show the performance of a speech act. While constructing a spoken text, specific importance and the necessity to use those verbs is revealed. Moreover, verbs of speaking reflect the process of speech and play a very important role in people’s everyday life because we constantly communicate with each other by telling something, repeating, reporting, etc. , which makes us a part of a community. As the basic definitions related with a verb have already been mentioned, it is likewise essential to refer to translation as it is closely related to this research paper. In general, translation is communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. The major aim of translation is to contribute to understanding between people and to transmit knowledge in plain, appropriate and accessible language. Before the research, the basic hypotheses of this paper have been raised: †¢ the main translations of the verbs to say and to tell will be: sakyti, asakyti, atsakyti, pa(pa)sakoti, pranesti, tarti. †¢ there will be more variants of the verb to say than of the verb to tell; †¢ the selected verbs will indicate speaking processes. The analysis and comparison of the verbs of speaking (to say and to tell) taken from the book in the English language The Vanity Fair by William Makepeace Thackeray and the Lithuanian translation â₠¬Å¾Tustybes muge I† will be provided in the research paper. This particular book has been chosen with a purpose that it contains a sufficient number of dialogues from ‘real-life’ situations, therefore, the chosen verbs are used frequently. The structure of this paper will include three main parts: introduction, body, which in turn will consist of the methods, results and discussion sections, and conclusion. The methods part will briefly overlook how our topic was investigated, what methods were used. The result and discussion sections will, firstly, deal with the verb to say, where all these verbs will be found in the English version of the book, and then matched to their equivalents in the Lithuanian translation. Secondly, the same analysis of the verb to tell will be provided. The conclusion of our annual paper will include approval or denial of the basic hypothesis, which have been raised before the analysis. To decide what topic to choose for our paper took a long consideration. A lot of translations of books into foreign languages have often been found as inaccurate, so it was the main reason of our research to see the differences in languages and richness of the vocabulary of the Lithuanian and English languages. DATA AND METHODS In order to write this research paper, two books were examined. The data was collected from the English book The Vanity Fair by William Makepeace Thackeray and the Lithuanian translation of the book „Tustybiu muge I† (the first part). The samples were taken considering the words (in particular the reporting verbs) in the sentences. These sentences were analysed carefully, paying particular attention to each selected verb of saying. All of them were collected and divided into two groups: those, which belong to the verb of saying to say – formed one group, and those, which belong to the verb of saying to tell – formed another. After that, the Lithuanian equivalents were found in the Lithuanian book, and the whole sentences in which these words appeared, were written down. As a result, 850 samples of the usage of the verb to say with 73 Lithuanian variants, and 139 samples of the verb to tell with 28 translations were found. According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, these definitions were given: To say – verb  (says  /s? z/; past and past participle  said  /s? d/). †¢ [intransitive, transitive] to speak or tell somebody something, using words †¢ [transitive] to repeat words, phrases; [intransitive, transitive] to express an opinion on something; †¢ [transitive,? no passive] to suggest or give something as an example or a possibility; †¢ [transitive] to make thoughts, feelings, etc. clear to somebody by using words, looks, movements, etc. †¢ [transitive,? no passive] (of something that is written or can be seen ) to give particular information or instru ctions. To tell – verb (past simple, past participle told /t ld/) †¢ [transitive] (of a person) to give information to somebody by speaking or writing; †¢ [transitive] (of some writing, an instrument, a sign, etc. to give information about something; †¢ [transitive] to express something in words; †¢ [intransitive] ( informal ) to let somebody know a secret;    †¢ [transitive] to order or advise somebody to do something; †¢ [intransitive, transitive] (not used in the progressive tenses) to know, see or judge something correctly. The present paper deals with the quantitative and qualitative research, and this research includes lexical and semantic analysis, in order to investigate how many equivalents the English verbs to say and to tell have in the Lithuanian language. RESULTS The attached prefixes do not give any additional meaning and convey nearly the same message. The example 1d is an excerpt from a piece of an event description. The examples of the second group (2a, 2b, 2c, 2d) reveal the translator’s choice to employ prefixation during the formation of the Lithuanian variant of the verb to tell. The person opts for a more interesting word by leaving the same stem „pasakotiâ€Å" and affixes different prefixes such as „paâ€Å", „isâ€Å" and also „paâ€Å" + reflexive particle „siâ€Å". All the mentioned prefixes do not give any new meaning to the Lithuanian verb „pasakotiâ€Å", therefore, the words „pasakotiâ€Å", „papasakotiâ€Å", „pasipasakotiâ€Å" and „ispasakotiâ€Å" can change each other and can be used interchangeably. The third unit of the reviewed samples is associated with explaining and clarifying certain things. All the examples are declarative sentences (3a 3b 3c, 3d, 3e), in which the translator’s choice is to provide and emphasize a possible report of an event (3a), explanation of something (3c). Refusal of guidance (3d) or a wish to teach someone a lesson (3e) is also presented. The following set contains two examples of how the Lithuanian verbs „prisneketiâ€Å" and „itikinetiâ€Å" are used. A way of saying bad things, gossiping about the others (4a) or persuading people (4b) is demonstrate d. The translator tries to provide more interesting and original variants of the the same verb ‘to tell’ and adapt them into Lithuanian translation. The fifth group of communication verb to tell refers to the verbs which have connotations of orders and commands. The examples (5a, 5b, 5c, 5d) indicate cases where these words appear. The basic meaning of these three words is related with orders and commands. They are found to be very similar to each other so that even if we replace one verb with another – the meaning would still remain (e. g. Who told me to love her? // Kas gi man liepe ja myleti? // Kas gi man isake ja myleti? ). This sixth group of verbs „perduotiâ€Å" (6a) and „pranestiâ€Å" (6b) was formed according to the sense of transferring some new or additional information to someone. The examples of Lithuanian translations of the verb to tell (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e, 7f, 7g, 7h) cannot be grouped by any defined criteria. Given examples in the seventh group state different situations and meanings: it can be rude response (7a), repetition (7b) or reminding of the information (7c), act of hearing (7d), access to the information (7e), presentation of laughter (7f), revealing of something (7g) and finding out the new information (7h). All these verbs usually denote various situations, so the translator chooses which of them are the most appropriate to the particular situation. The eighth group includes an example which was found without Lithuanian translation of the English verb to tell. The xample highlights that the speaker is clear with the context so any further explanation is needed or the different expression, which is more appropriate in the Lithuanian language is used (8a). CONCLUSIONS This study of the chosen verbs of speaking has tried to investigate the verbs to say and to tell from the English book and its translated version in the Lithuanian language, using quantitative and qualitative method s. The examples from the English book were taken either from the direct speech and indirect speech. There were three hypotheses made before this research and all of them were completely or partly confirmed. The most common translations of to say were tarti, sakyti, pasakyti, while the verb to tell was frequently found translated as papasakoti. In addition, there has been more variants of to say found than to tell, however, the selected verbs indicated not only the speaking processes as it was thought to be in the beginning, but also the actions of thinking, laughing and even some cases where to say and to tell were not translated, were found. This research has shown the width and the richness of the Lithuanian language vocabulary which presented various meanings and variants of the translated verbs to say and to tell. The translator can be considered as the main bridge between the author and the reader, who determines the most appropriate translation and demonstrates his linguistic insight. SUMMARY IN LITHUANIAN Lingvistine semantika – tai lingvistikos, arba kitaip moderniosios kalbotyros saka, tirianti kalbiniu zenklu reiksmes ir prasmes. Si saka artimai susijusi su musu darbu, kurio pagrindinis tikslas yra panagrineti pasirinktu kalbejimo veiksmazodziu pritaikyma tiesiogineje kalboje bei kontekste reiskinius, atsirandancius verciant teksta is anglu kalbos i lietuviu kalba, palyginti juos tarpusavyje bei asmeniskai ivertinti vertejo rofesionaluma. Analizuoti pavyzdziai buvo surinkti is knygu „Vanity Fairâ€Å", parasytos angliakalbio autoriaus William Makepeace Thackeray bei jos vertimo i lietuviu kalba „Tustybiu mugeâ€Å" (verte ? ). Tyrimas parode kaip skirtingai gali buti verciami ir pristatomi zodziai bei frazes ir koks svarbus yra vertejo vaidmuo, kurio pagrindinis uzda vinys yra ivertinti konteksta, tinkamai perteikti informacija skaitytojui bei islaikyti isverstos frazes santyki su originalia taip, kad ji butu aiski bei priimtina skaitytojui nepazeidziant lietuviu kalbos normu. Appendixes Table 1 TO SAY | |Number | Cruse. D. 1986. Lexical Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6. Faure. R. Verbs of Speaking and Verbs of Thinking. Universite Paris IV-Sorbonne. Available at: http://hal. inria. fr/docs/00/46/98/13/PDF/Verbs_of_speaking_and_verbs_of_thinking. pdf 7. Lyons, J. 1995. Linguistic Semantics: an Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. 8th Editon. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 9. Pustejovsky. J. 1995. The Generative Lexicon. MIT Press, Cambridge. 10. Tekoriene D. (1996). Anglu kalbos gramatika vidurinems mokykloms. Vilnius: Leidybos Centras. Available at: